Category: Bookkeeping 101

Words nearby pop

The children attend special schools where they take specialized singing and dancing lessons; they learn how to moderate their public behavior and prepare for life as a pop star; they spend hours in daily rehearsals and perform in weekend music shows as well as special group performances. Through these performances, lucky kids can gain fan followings before they even officially “debut.” And when they’re old enough, if they’re really one of the lucky few, the studios will place them into an idol group or even, occasionally, launch them as a solo artist. Hallyu has been building for two decades, but K-pop in particular has become increasingly visible to global audiences in the past five to 10 years. POS systems frequently use hardware or software tailored to a particular industry or business. Although some small retailers use off-the-shelf cash registers to calculate payment amounts and issue receipts, most POS systems are computer-based, digital, and incorporate other devices or peripherals such as printers, bar code scanners, scales, and touch screens.

Pop music often borrows elements from other styles such as urban, dance, rock, Latin, and country; nevertheless, there are many key elements that define pop music. Identifying factors usually include short to medium-length songs written in a basic format (often the verse-chorus structure), as well as common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes and hooks.

The physics sense is part of a facetious sequence “snap, crackle, pop”, after the mascots of Rice Krispies cereal. Musicologist Allan Moore surmises that the term “pop music” itself may have been popularized by Pop art. In the 1940s, improved microphone design allowed a more intimate singing style and ten or twenty years later, inexpensive and more durable 45 rpm records for singles “revolutionized the manner in which pop has been disseminated”, which helped to move pop music to “a record/radio/film star system”. Another technological change was the widespread availability of television in the 1950s; with televised performances, “pop stars had to have a visual presence”.

Therefore, the term “pop music” may be used to describe a distinct genre, designed to appeal to all, often characterized as “instant singles-based music aimed at teenagers” in contrast to rock music as “album-based music for adults”. Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern forms in the US and the UK during the mid-1950s. The terms “popular music” and “pop music” are often used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular and includes many diverse styles. “Pop” and “rock” were roughly synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they became quite separated from each other. Commercial popular music, in particular accessible, tuneful music of a kind popular since the 1950s and sometimes contrasted with rock, soul, or other forms of popular music.

On the Internet, a point-of-presence (POP) is an access point from one place to the rest of the Internet. (POP also stands for the e-mail Post Office Protocol; see POP3.) A POP necessarily has a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address. Your Internet service provider (ISP) or online service provider (such as AOL) has a point-of-presence on the Internet and probably more than one.

Definition for pop (3 of

The number of POPs that an ISP or OSP has is sometimes used as a measure of its size or growth rate. Before the progressive pop of the late 1960s, performers were typically unable to decide on the artistic content of their music.

The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term “pop” refers to music performed by such artists as the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance). Pop music continuously evolves along with the term’s definition.

According to music writer Bill Lamb, popular music is defined as “the music since industrialization in the 1800s that is most in line with the tastes and interests of the urban middle class.” The term “pop song” was first used in 1926, in the sense of a piece of music “having popular appeal”. Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues, and hillbilly music.

If you’ve ever sent or received an email through the Internet, chances are you have used Post Office Protocol (POP). Post Office Protocol (POP) is an Internet standard (meaning everyone has agreed on how it’s structured) protocol for pulling email down from a remote server. We’ll break this down into more detail, but to help you visualize this, think about sending a clerk to the mail room to get your mail and he/she brings it back and plops it into your inbox on your desk. To burst (something) with a popping sound.The boy with the pin popped the balloon. ), of onomatopoeic origin – used to describe the sound, or short, sharp actions.

Definition for pop (7 of

sound Pop is used to represent a short sharp sound such as the sound made by bursting a balloon or by pulling a cork out of a bottle. Maybe confused country fans thought this is what pop music is supposed to sound like. The first version of POP was described in 1984 and the current version was launched in 1988. POP4 has been discussed by standards bodies (independent groups such as the Internet Society that provide guidance and leadership for Internet policy and standards), but no formal changes have been implemented.

• Musicians like Shakira, Ricky Martin, Selena Gomez, and Demi Lovato seen lasting mass-appeal within pop music circles.
• Latin pop rose in popularity in the United States during the 1950s with early rock and roll success Ritchie Valens, though it truly rose to prominence during the 1970s and 1980s with the likes of Los Lobos.
• With later Hispanic and Latino Americans seeing success within pop music charts, 1990s pop successes stayed popular in both their original genres and in broader pop music.

In the 1960s, the introduction of inexpensive, portable transistor radios meant that teenagers in the developed world could listen to music outside of the home. By the early 1980s, the promotion of pop music had been greatly affected by the rise of music television channels like MTV, which “favoured those artists such as Michael Jackson and Madonna who had a strong visual appeal”. See media help.According to Frith, characteristics of pop music include an aim of appealing to a general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology, and an emphasis on craftsmanship rather than formal “artistic” qualities. Music scholar Timothy Warner said it typically has an emphasis on recording, production, and technology, rather than live performance; a tendency to reflect existing trends rather than progressive developments; and aims to encourage dancing or uses dance-oriented rhythms.

K-pop fans have perfected the art of the fan chant, in which fans in live studio audiences and live performances will shout alternate fan chants over the musical intros to songs, and sometimes as a counterpoint to choruses, as a show of unity and support. These TV-sponsored idol shows have caused pushback from the studios, which see them as producing immature talent — and, of course, cutting into studio profits. That’s because a K-pop group’s success is directly tied to its live TV performances. Today there are numerous talent shows, along with many more variety shows and well-known chart TV countdown shows like Inkigayo and M Countdown, which factor into how successful — and therefore bankable — a K-pop idol or idol group is seen to be.

Post Office Protocol (POP) is an Internet standard protocol used in the retrieval of email from a remote server. POP pulls the email down through the Internet and deposits the message in your inbox, which is then stored on your device along with any attachments.

Assisted by the mid-1960s economic boom, record labels began investing in artists, giving them the freedom to experiment, and offering them limited control over their content and marketing. This situation declined after the late 1970s and would not reemerge until the rise of Internet stars. Indie pop, which developed in the late 1970s, marked another departure from the glamour of contemporary pop music, with guitar bands formed on the then-novel premise that one could record and release their own music without having to procure a record contract from a major label. The music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. As a genre, pop music is seen to exist and develop separately.

Winning a weekend music show or weekly chart countdown remains one of the highest honors an artist or musical group can attain in the South Korean music industry. Because of the control they exert over their artists, South Korean music studios are directly responsible for shaping the global image of K-pop as a genre. Through highly competitive auditions, starting around ages 10 to 12, music studios induct talented children into the K-pop regimen.

verb (used with object), popped, pop·ping.

Latin pop rose in popularity in the United States during the 1950s with early rock and roll success Ritchie Valens, though it truly rose to prominence during the 1970s and 1980s with the likes of Los Lobos. With later Hispanic and Latino Americans seeing success within pop music charts, 1990s pop successes stayed popular in both their original genres and in broader pop music.

There is another standard protocol used in some instances, Internet Message Across Protocol (IMAP), but POP is simpler and more widely used. Prior to Internet-based email, email usage was limited because users who wanted to exchange emails had to be on the same network, say within one company or through a common service like America Online (AOL). There were different brands of email server software and they used proprietary protocols to communicate, which often made communication between two companies tricky. The development of open standard protocols for the Internet like POP made email communication through a common network possible. Hip-hop tends to be a dominant part of the K-pop sound, particularly among male groups, a trend that has opened up the genre to criticism for appropriation.

Idioms for pop

Musicians like Shakira, Ricky Martin, Selena Gomez, and Demi Lovato seen lasting mass-appeal within pop music circles. Latin pop hit singles, such as “Macarena” by Los del Río and “Despacito” by Luis Fonsi, have seen record-breaking success on worldwide pop music charts. Although much of the music that appears on record charts is seen as pop music, the genre is distinguished from chart music.

South Korea grapples with a high degree of cultural racism, and recent popular groups have come under fire for donning blackface, appropriating Native American iconography, and much more. Still, K-pop has increasingly embraced diversity in recent years, with black members joining K-pop groups and duo Coco Avenue putting out a bilingual single in 2017. All of this emphasis on live performances make fans an extremely active part of the experience.

There are an increasing number of private companies that provide similar PO Box services to the official postal service privately under the guise of mail forwarding. In the United Kingdom, Royal Mail PO boxes are often little more than pigeon-holes in the secure section of a sorting office and are accessible only by staff. In such cases, the renter of the PO box will be issued with a card showing the PO box number and delivery office name and must produce this to the desk staff when collecting mail. For an additional fee, the Royal Mail will deliver received items to the renter’s geographical address.

The Probationary officer salary has got a swift hike after the 10th bipartite settlement, acknowledged by the banking sector. The resultant salary has been as high as whopping Rs. 8 lakh per year for SBI PO. Those of other public sector banks have joined their banks as PO with a salary ranging from 5 to 5.5 lakhs per year.

Acronyms dictionary

In the U.S. since the 1980s, in cities and large urban areas, post offices have tended to close box lobbies overnight because of the tendency of homeless people to use them for sleeping quarters. As a result, some box lobbies are accessible after hours by customers who are provided a code to a door keypad.

The workload and uneven work hours in the private sectors at workplaces is taken as the reason for this huge drift in the salary structure. But this doesn’t hold true in the case of the bank PO salary structure of the leading private banks to that of the public bank of repute in India. There is a significant difference in the take home salaries as well as benefits acquired by the employee working as Probationary officers in public and private banks.

Other restrictions also exist, including the same limitations on items that cannot otherwise be mailed by ground service though USPS. (Not to be confused with items that cannot be shipped by air.) In many cases, the package may require one additional business day for delivery, and the service was never intended for overnight delivery. Also, federal holidays not observed by the private shipper might cause a delay. If an item is shipped using Street Addressing in which the box holder did not properly sign up for, it will be returned to sender. In the United States, PO Boxes are generally available through the United States Postal Service (USPS).

They are usually arranged from the smallest boxes at the top to the largest boxes at the bottom. To rent a PO Box, two different forms of identification are required. This also applies to others who wish to share the box with the original subscriber’s permission, and are of legal age. The post office will not forward mail from a PO Box until the box is closed, and then only to one address for all subscribers.

The difference is that mail sent there is addressed to a street address (along with the private box number), instead of just addressed to “PO Box CSX”. boxes but usually provide additional services such as scanning or forwarding. In Namibia, PO boxes are the only form of mail delivery to private individuals. Even small settlements feature a block of PO boxes for rent. Many countries offer some type of PO Boxes for different uses.

po in British English

The average public sector bank monthly and annual salary is way higher than that of a PO working in a leading private bank like ICICI. In Hong Kong, PO boxes are available in two different sizes.

Though the basic salary of the PO post might look very meager, the emoluments and benefits attached with it make it really attractive. The salary and cost to a company are considered taking into account all the benefits and perks given to the officers in a particular month by the bank. For any SBI PO who is posted in a metro city, the basic pay and dearness allowance adds up to Rs. 30462/-. The PF and pension scheme contributes another Rs. 4673/- per month.

In addition, some post offices are located in rented facilities such as shopping malls. As a result, PO boxes can only be accessed while that facility is open.

Only mail from Austrian Post can be delivered to an Austrian Post PO Box, but there are also private companies offering the same service but for example completely Anonymous or for parcels. Each country has its own rules and regulations as to how one can retrieve mail at a PO Box. Some countries, such as the United States or the United Kingdom, may require one or more forms of identification. The main exam among them is the SBI PO exam and the IBPS PO exam.

Both of them have a large number of vacancies and eagerly look for young officers. The main thing to keep in mind is that every bank has their own selection criteria and their own set of papers. Approximately, a total of Rs to salary is the monthly in-hand salary of SBI PO. The Gross compensation received lies between 8.20 Lakhs (minimum) to Rs. 13.08 lakhs (maximum) per annum. With four advance increments in the compensation size of – – – – – 42020. This means the PO will get a basic of Rs with an increment of Rs 980 for the next 7 years, followed by a basic of Rs with an annual increment of Rs 1145 for the next two years and so on.

Though, the private bank like ICICI pays heavily to its top brass, they tend to pay their officers like PO and clerks quite less amount. With the release of the job opportunity each year and high package paid than other nationalized banks, a lot of candidates compete for this post. Let us look at the salary details of SBI PO, which is a major reason for the large number of applicants. The article describes the complete salary structure, In Hand salary, Allowances, Perks & Job Profile of SBI PO. They are generally available in all post offices throughout the country.

• The Post Office accepts the item, and places it in the PO Box or, for larger items, handles them the same way they would a package sent via USPS.
• Until 2012, only items mailed or shipped via USPS could be received at a USPS PO Box.
• However, a service called Street Addressing has begun to change this.

A post office box (commonly abbreviated as P.O. box, or also known as a postal box) is a uniquely addressable lockable box located on the premises of a post office station. Outdoor Post Office Boxes (as common in Switzerland) numbers one to six at 9054 Haslen, Switzerland. Keep reading and this post will give you valuable insights into the salary of a PO and help you zero in on your dream banking job. First, lets go through the basic terminology of salary and the salary structure of various Public Sector (PSU) banks.

A perquisite like conveyance, entertainment, leave travel allowance, canteen, medical etc. adds up to another Rs. 4130/- per month. The candidates who are posted in the metro cities enjoy a housing lease rental of whopping Rs. 29500/- per month, taking the salary to nearly Rs. 69000/- per month. For other public sector banks, the monthly salary ranges somewhere between 40 to 43 thousand rupees per month.

Print/export

As part of the agreement to rent a PO Box, if the PO Box is used for business, the Post Office will provide, upon request, the geographical (street) address of the business. The South African Post Office has Post Boxes available for rent. In urban areas with PO Boxes for rent there also may be home delivery of mail. In rural areas Post Boxes are often compulsory as no street deliveries take place.

In South Korea, PO boxes are available in one size at selected post offices. There is no charge for renting PO box, but renter must fetch mail at least once in 30 days. Application is only available at post office with valid ID, seal for receiving registered mail, and key fee (usually around 10,000 won). Seoul CPO box room is the only PO box in Korea with fully automated mail retrieving system.

The banks pay their probationary officers quite handsomely. In addition to this basic pay, the officers are also eligible for Dearness Allowance (DA), House Rent Allowance (HRA), CCA, special allowance etc. In Japan, PO boxes are available at most post office locations. There is no cost to rent a post office box, but the renter must be able to retrieve mail regularly (daily, in principle) from the box. The general consideration in the collective popular culture is that the private sector employees get paid much better than that of the public sector ones.

The benefits, along with the salary for PO post, make the difference in the overall salary for most of the public sector banks. While SBI offers the highest pay package to its probationary officers, the other public sector banks also offer quite a handsome sum to the PO.

In some post offices, a key will be left in the PO box that corresponds to a larger, locked box (parcel locker) where the patron may pick up his or her package if a signature is not required. Most often, in this case, once the key is used to open the larger, locked box, the key cannot be removed again by the patron, but the door cannot be secured either.

Notes will also be left in the PO box in respect of cash on delivery (COD) and registered mail that has to be signed for. Generally, post office boxes are rented from the post office either by individuals or by businesses on a basis ranging from monthly to annual, and the cost of rent varies depending on the box size. Central business district (CBD) PO boxes are usually more expensive than rural PO boxes. The salary structure is not always the in-hand salary taken away by the candidates, but is the overall cost to the company. The benefits and emoluments are a huge part of the salary of any employee and thus the public sector PO post draw considerably more salary from their private counterparts.

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They are available in many post offices throughout the territory. If a parcel does not fit in a PO box, the postmaster will leave a note advising that customer to pick up that parcel from the counter.

In the United Kingdom, anyone applying for a Royal Mail PO box must produce documentation to verify their home or business address. In some regions, particularly in Africa, there is no door to door delivery of mail; for example, in Kenya. Consequently, renting a PO box has traditionally been the only way to receive mail in such countries. However, some countries, like Egypt, have introduced mail home delivery.

Until 2012, only items mailed or shipped via USPS could be received at a USPS PO Box. However, a service called Street Addressing has begun to change this. The Post Office accepts the item, and places it in the PO Box or, for larger items, handles them the same way they would a package sent via USPS.

In the area’s that there is no street delivery, Post Boxes are not charged for. Boxes and Street delivery postal codes may be the same in an area, or may differ. Private Bags are available for recipients of large mail volumes.

What does plantwide mean?

Manufacturing or product costs consist of direct materials, direct labour and manufacturing overhead. Materials and labour are direct costs which can be traced to a cost object. Manufacturing overhead, on the other hand, is an indirect cost as it is used for the manufacturing of a wide variety of products and has to be allocated. There are two methods of allocating manufacturing overhead, i.e. the traditional method and the activity-based costing method (ABC) . Under the traditional method, a volume-based cost driver is used as an allocation base to drive overhead costs to products.

Images & Illustrations of plantwide

In general, the more cost pools used, the more accurate the allocation process. A single overhead rate for assigning all of the manufacturing production and service department costs to products.

Translations for plantwide

For example, the Hull Fabrication department at SailRite Company may find that overhead costs are driven more by the use of machinery than by labor, and therefore decides to use machine hours as the allocation base. The Assembly department may find that overhead costs are driven more by labor activity than by machine use and therefore decides to use labor hours or labor costs as the allocation base. In previous posts, we discussed plantwide overhead rates and departmental overhead ratesto allocate overhead costs to cost objects.

plantwide

Of this total, the machining department is assigned overhead costs of $4,000,000 and the assembly department is allocated the remainder. The machining department uses machine hours as their allocation base and has 80, 000 machine hours. The assembly department uses direct labor hours as their allocation base and has 50,000 direct labor hours. Single plantwide factory overhead rate method and multiple production department factory overhead rate method and product cost distortion. Some companies have moved beyond both the plant-wide rate and the departmental rates because they want to consider all of the activities that are driving up manufacturing overhead costs.

The cost driver used in the traditional method can be applied to the whole organisation regardless of departments if manufacturing operations across departments are quite similar, i.e plant-wide allocation. The use of departmental allocation will typically result in a more accurate allocation of overhead costs since the cost driver used in each department is a more accurate reflection of its activities. Desktop Portable Assembly Department 0.50 dmh 1.00 dmh Testing Department 1.00 2.00 Total machine hours per unit 1.50 dmh 3.00 dmh a. Determine the per-unit factory overhead allocated to the desktop and portable computers under the single plantwide factory overhead rate method, using direct machine hours as the allocation base.

This rate is less accurate than departmental rates if a company manufactures a diverse group of products. Compare and contrast allocating overhead costs using a plantwide rate, department rates, and activity-based costing. Activity-based costing is a more precise way to allocate costs to cost objects. Plantwide rates are the easiest to apply but can cause cost distortionbecause all overhead resources are treated as though they are equally consumed by all cost objects.

• Although Figure 3.3 “Using Department Rates to Allocate SailRite Company’s Overhead” shows just two rates, many companies have more than two departments and therefore more than two rates.
• The department allocation approach allows cost pools to be formed for each department and provides for flexibility in the selection of an allocation base.

Another method for applying overhead isactivity-based costing (ABC). Using a plant-wide rate is logical when there is one root cause of the indirect production costs and the company manufactures similar products. single predetermined overhead rate used in all departments of a company, rather than having a separate rate for each department.

A. Determine the per-unit factory- overhead allocated to the gasoline and diesel engines under the single plantwide factory overhead rate method, using direct labor hours as the activity base. approach is similar to the plantwide approach except that cost pools are formed for each department rather than for the entire plant, and a separate predetermined overhead rate is established for each department. Instead, they will be broken out into various department cost pools. This approach allows for the use of different allocation bases for different departments depending on what drives overhead costs for each department.

Products going through the Assembly department are charged $23 in overhead costs for each direct labor hour used. For example, Hewlett Packard’s printer production division may choose to collect all factory overhead costs in one cost pool and allocate those costs from the cost pool to each product using one predetermined overhead rate.

Spring Company has identified 500 batches and has 10,000 square feet in their factory. Jackson Company uses activity-based costing to allocate their overhead costs. Design modification costs of $155,000 are based on number of design changes. Jackson Company has identified 40,000 batches and has 5,000 design modifications in their factory. Assume Kline Company allocates overhead costs with the plantwide approach, and direct labor cost is the allocation base.

If the company’s departments are homogeneous, the use of a single plantwide rate may be adequate as a means of allocating overhead costs to production jobs. A plant-wide overhead rate is a single rate used to assign or allocate all of a company’s manufacturing overhead costs to its production output. As shown in Figure 3.3 “Using Department Rates to Allocate SailRite Company’s Overhead”, products going through the Hull Fabrication department are charged $50 in overhead costs for each machine hour used.

The department allocation approach allows cost pools to be formed for each department and provides for flexibility in the selection of an allocation base. Although Figure 3.3 “Using Department Rates to Allocate SailRite Company’s Overhead” shows just two rates, many companies have more than two departments and therefore more than two rates.

What is a plant-wide overhead rate?

Departmental rates were more refined because at least we were breaking costs down by department and applying overhead based on the actual activity a cost object used in each department. Spring Company uses activity-based costing to allocate their overhead costs.

Calculate the rate used by the company to allocate overhead costs. Kline Company expects to incur $800,000 in overhead costs this coming year—$200,000 in the Cut and Polish department and $600,000 in the Quality Control department. Total annual direct labor costs are expected to be $160,000.

Organizations that use this approach tend to have simple operations within each department but different activities across departments. One department may use machinery, while another department may use labor, as is the case with SailRite’s two departments. This assumption of a causal relationship is increasingly less realistic as production processes become more complex.

Accumulated depreciation is shown in the face of the balance sheet or in the notes. Using depreciation, a business expenses a portion of the asset’s value over each year of its useful life, instead of allocating the entire expense to the year in which the asset is purchased.

On a business’s balance sheet, capital assets are represented by the property, plant, and equipment (PP&E) figure. Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E) are long-term assets vital to business operations and not easily converted into cash. Purchases of PP&E are a signal that management has faith in the long-term outlook and profitability of its company. Companies that are expanding may decide to purchase fixed assets to invest in the long-term future of the company. These purchases are called capital expenditures and significantly impact the financial position of a company.

Prepaid Assets

In cases where this is not possible and the cost of moving is substantial, it is capitalized and depreciated appropriately over the period during which it makes a contribution to operations. (g) Cost of plywood partitions erected in the remodeling of the office. This is a part of the remodeling cost and may be capitalized as part of the remodeling itself is of such a nature that it is an addition to the building and not merely a replacement or repair. This seems more in the nature of a repair than anything else and as such should be treated as an expense.

Free Financial Statements Cheat Sheet

(f) Trade or exchange of assets—when one asset is exchanged for another asset, the accountant is faced with several issues in determining the value of the new asset. The basic principle involved is to record the new asset at the fair value of the new asset or the fair value of what is given up to acquire the new asset, whichever is more clearly evident. However, the accountant must also be concerned with whether the exchange has commercial substance and whether monetary consideration is involved in the transaction. The commercial substance issue rests on whether the expected cash flows on the assets involved are significantly different. In addition, monetary consideration may affect the amount of gain recognized on the exchange under consideration.

As such it may be viewed as an extraordinary repair and charged against the accumulated depreciation on the truck. The remaining service life of the truck should be estimated and the depreciation adjusted to write off the new book value, less salvage, over the remaining useful life. A more appropriate treatment is to remove the cost of the old motor and related depreciation and add the cost of the new motor if possible.

In a deferred payment situation, there is an implicit (or explicit) interest cost involved, and the accountant should be careful not to include this amount in the cost of the asset. (e) Lump sum or basket purchase—sometimes a group of assets are acquired for a single lump sum. When a situation such as this exists, the accountant must allocate the total cost among the various assets on the basis of their relative fair value.

Plant assets and the related accumulated depreciation are reported on a company’s balance sheet in the noncurrent asset section entitled property, plant and equipment. Accounting rules also require that the plant assets be reviewed for possible impairment losses. In financial accounting, an asset is any resource owned by the business. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held by a company to produce positive economic value is an asset. Simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash (although cash itself is also considered an asset).

Noncurrent assets are a company’s long-term investments for which the full value will not be realized within the accounting year. Examples of noncurrent assets include investments in other companies, intellectual property (e.g. patents), and property, plant and equipment. Noncurrent assets appear on a company’s balance sheet. Accumulated depreciation is an asset account with a credit balance known as a long-term contra asset account that is reported on the balance sheet under the heading Property, Plant and Equipment.

The amount of a long-term asset’s cost that has been allocated, since the time that the asset was acquired. Also referred to as PPE (property, plant, and equipment), these are purchased for continued and long-term use in earning profit in a business. They are written off against profits over their anticipated life by charging depreciation expenses (with exception of land assets).

• (a) Overhead of a business that builds its own equipment.

(c) Interest paid during construction of a building. This is an addition to the machine and should be capitalized in the machinery account if material. (e) Freight on equipment returned before installation, for replacement by other equipment of greater capacity. If ordering the first equipment was an error, whether due to judgment or otherwise, the freight should be regarded as a loss. Normally, only the cost of one installation should be capitalized for any piece of equipment.

Contributions received should be credited to revenue unless the contribution is from a governmental unit. Even in that case, we believe that the credit should be to Contribution Revenue. (c) Cash discount—when assets are purchased subject to a cash discount, the question of how the discount should be handled occurs. If the discount is taken, it should be considered a reduction in the asset cost. Different viewpoints exist, however, if the discount is not taken.

Understanding Noncurrent Assets

(a) Assets acquired by issuance of capital stock—when property is acquired by issuance of common stock, the cost of the property is not measured by par or stated value of such stock. If the market value of the common stock is not determinable, then the market value of the property should be established and used as the basis for recording the asset and issuance of common stock. (b) Assets acquired by gift or donation—when assets are acquired in this manner a strict cost concept would dictate that the valuation of the asset be zero. However, in this situation, accountants record the asset at its fair value.

How Do Tangible and Intangible Assets Differ?

However, a more realistic figure for cost of equipment results if the plant asset account is charged for overhead applied on the same basis and at the same rate as used for production. Some accountants treat all cash discounts as financial or other revenue, regardless of whether they arise from the payment of invoices for merchandise or plant assets. Others take the position that only the net amount paid for plant assets should be capitalized on the basis that the discount represents a reduction of price and is not income. The latter position seems more logical in light of the fact that plant assets are purchased for use and not for sale and that they are written off to expense over a long period of time.

Whether a portion of available cash is used, or the asset is financed by debt or equity, how the asset is financed has an impact on the financial viability of the company. This can be misleading when an outsider is trying to gain an understanding of the value of a business by perusing its financial statements. The first class of expenditures represents the day-to-day service and in general is chargeable to operations as incurred. These expenditures should not be charged to the asset accounts.

One approach is that the discount must be considered a reduction in the cost of the asset. The rationale for this approach is that the terms of these discounts are so attractive that failure to take the discount must be considered a loss because management is inefficient. The other view is that failure to take the discount should not be considered a loss, because the terms may be unfavorable or the company might not be prudent to take the discount. (d) Deferred payments—assets should be recorded at the present value of the consideration exchanged between contracting parties at the date of the transaction.

What is a plant asset?

(a) Overhead of a business that builds its own equipment. Some accountants have maintained that the equipment account should be charged only with the additional overhead caused by such construction.

This means that each year that the equipment or machinery is put to use, the cost associated with using up the asset is recorded. The rate at which a company chooses to depreciate its assets may result in a book value that differs from the current market value of the assets.

The balance sheet of a firm records the monetary value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business. A capital asset is generally owned for its role in contributing to the business’s ability to generate profit. Furthermore, it is expected that the benefits gained from the asset will extend beyond a time span of one year.

Depreciation

Your company may purchase long-lived assets such as property, plant and equipment that you depreciate over their useful lives. Depreciation is how the Internal Revenue Service allows you to expense part of an asset’s cost over a number of years.

Straight line basis is a method of calculating depreciation and amortization. Also known as straight line depreciation, it is the simplest way to work out the loss of value of an asset over time. Straight line basis is calculated by dividing the difference between an asset’s cost and its expected salvage value by the number of years it is expected to be used. Under most circumstances, computer software is classified as an intangible asset because of its nonphysical nature. However, accounting rules state that there are certain exceptions that permit the classification of computer software, such as PP&E (property, plant, and equipment).

Assets like property, plant, and equipment (PP&E) are tangible assets. While software is not physical or tangible in the traditional sense, accounting rules allow businesses to capitalize software as if it were a tangible asset. However, there are times when software should not be considered a long-term asset. In this article, we’ll review the accounting standards that are in place to classify computer software.

Tangible Asset, Useful Life, and the IRS

Companies use depreciation for physical assets, and amortization forintangible assetssuch as patents and software. Both are conventions that are used to expense an asset over a longer period of time, not just in the period that it was purchased. In other words, companies can stretch the cost of assets over many different periods, enabling them to benefit from the asset without deducting the full cost from net income (NI).

Also, the asset may become too expensive to operate profitably after a period of time. For example, a machine may be able to process 100 units per hour, and can theoretically do so for the next 20 years. However, its useful life may be only 5 years, since it can be replaced at that time by a machine that can process 500 units per hour.

Determining monthly accumulated depreciation for an asset depends on the asset’s useful lifespan as defined by the IRS, as well as which accounting method you use. The cumulative depreciation of an asset up to a single point in its life is called accumulated depreciation.

The carrying value of an asset on a balance sheet is the difference between its purchase price and accumulated depreciation. A business buys and holds an asset on the balance sheet until the salvage value matches the carrying value.

This graph is deduced after plotting an equal amount of depreciation for each accounting period over the useful life of the asset. Depreciation is the accounting process of converting the original costs of fixed assets such as plant and machinery, equipment, etc into the expense. It refers to the decline in the value of fixed assets due to their usage, passage of time or obsolescence. Depreciation is an accounting method of allocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life and is used to account for declines in value over time. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) uses the useful life of an asset to estimate the period over which depreciation of the asset may occur.

How to Determine a Tangible Asset’s Useful Life?

Salvage value is an estimate of the residual amount you will receive when you dispose of the asset. Accumulated depreciation is applicable to assets that are capitalized. Capitalized assets are assets that provide value for more than one year. Accounting rules dictate that expenses and sales are matched in the period in which they are incurred. Depreciation is a solution for this matching problem for capitalized assets.

LifeValues Quiz

For example, the annual depreciation on an equipment with a useful life of 20 years, a salvage value of $2000 and a cost of $100,000 is $4,900 (($100,000-$2,000)/20). The straight line basis’ simplicity is also one of its biggest drawbacks.

• Your company may purchase long-lived assets such as property, plant and equipment that you depreciate over their useful lives.

Tangible assets include fixed assets such as machinery, land, and buildings. Depreciation is the method used to allocate the cost of buildings and equipment; other types of assets use different methods of cost allocation.

Physical Values — Health, Environment

Generally, the method of depreciation to be used depends upon the patterns of expected benefits obtainable from a given asset. This means different methods would apply to different types of assets in a company. Thus, the method is based on the assumption that more amount of depreciation should be charged in early years of the asset.

Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) Statement No. 51, Accounting and Financial Reporting For Intangible Assets. On the other hand, tangible assets are physical and measurable assets that are used in a company’s operations.

As an asset forays into later stages of its useful life, the cost of repairs and maintenance of such an asset increase. Hence, less amount of depreciation needs to be provided during such years. Thus, the amount of depreciation is calculated by simply dividing the difference of original cost or book value of the fixed asset and the salvage value by useful life of the asset. The useful life of an asset include the age of the asset, frequency of use, and business environmental conditions. This time period may be substantially longer than the useful life of an asset, since a functional asset may still be replaced by a more productive asset.

The equipment has an expected life of 10 years and a salvage value of $500. Fixed capital includes the assets, such as property, plant, and equipment, that are needed to start up and conduct business, even at a minimal stage. Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E) are long-term assets vital to business operations and not easily converted into cash. Purchases of PP&E are a signal that management has faith in the long-term outlook and profitability of its company.

Because this estimate is based on facts that change over time, useful life can be adjusted to compensate for such changes if they are significant and if there is a definite reason for the adjustment. The useful life of an asset is an estimation of the length of time the asset can reasonably be used to generate income and be of benefit to the company. The useful life of identical assets varies by user, and that life depends on the asset’s age, frequency of use, condition of the business environment, and repair policy. Additional factors that affect an asset’s useful life include anticipated technological improvements, changes in laws, and economic changes.

Depletion is used to allocate the cost of natural resources such as timber or coal. Amortization is used to allocate the cost of something intangible, such as a patent. Each of these methods matches the expense of an asset to the period it is being used in. Accountants like the straight line method because it is easy to use, renders fewer errors over the life of the asset, and expenses the same amount everyaccounting period. Unlike more complex methodologies, such asdouble declining balance, straight line is simple and only uses three different variables to calculate the amount of depreciation each accounting period.

One of the most obvious pitfalls of using this method is that the useful life calculation is based on guesswork. For example, there is always a risk that technological advancements could potentially render the asset obsolete earlier than expected. Moreover, the straight line basis does not factor in the accelerated loss of an asset’s value in the short-term, nor the likelihood that it will cost more to maintain as it gets older.

The IRS requires you to depreciate most property put into service after 1986 using the modified accelerated cost recovery system, though you can elect to exclude certain properties from MACRS. This system determines the depreciable lifetime of your property and offers its own set of depreciation methods. You need to determine a suitable way to allocate cost of the asset over the periods during which the asset is used.

The Phases Of Physical Inventory

Physical inventory is a process where a business physically counts its entire inventory. Businesses may use several different tactics to minimize the disruption caused by physical inventory. Counting your inventory correctly is critical because it’s used to calculate one of the most important financial indicators for some types of business – Cost of Goods Sold (COGS).

Cycle Counts

By performing a physical inventory count a business can keep its information accurate and current. How often should a company go through the warehouse and track their products and supplies? Inventory controlling helps revenue and expenses be recognized.

There are companies that only perform inventory counts once a year or right before a given sales season. Usually, these companies do not have many products to track. Other organizations might opt for this method because they do not have the staff to carry out frequent inventory or the tools to make physical counts simpler. This type of stocktake is performed regularly, such as once every week, and includes the counting of a warehouse’s smaller manageable parts.

It is clear to most businesses that performing stocktaking at least once a month is essential to maintain healthy stock levels, prevent stock losses and ensure the accuracy of inventory/accounting records. However, if not done right, stocktaking can be energy-draining, time-consuming and frustrating. Businesses face the risk of serious human errors such as undercounting or overcounting that could result in losses worth thousands if they don’t devise a clear plan for success.

The most important thing to know about inventory is that it’s essential in calculating the cost of goods sold (COGS). COGS is used to determine gross profit for a business that sells products, and it’s used on every business tax form, for sole proprietorships, partnerships, LLC’s, and corporations. Periodic stocktaking – an inventory method that happens at the end of an accounting period or on a set periodic basis. This method will help you effortlessly keep up-to-date records of either your inventory or costs of goods sold.

Controlling Inventory

The auditors will examine your procedures for halting any further receiving into the warehouse or shipments from it at the time of the physical inventory count, so that extraneous inventory items are excluded. They typically test the last few receiving and shipping transactions prior to the physical count, as well as transactions immediately following it, to see if you are properly accounting for them. When you sell that inventory THEN it becomes an expense through the Cost of Goods Sold account. To start with, you don’t want too large a portion of your business’s funds to be tied up in merchandise, and you could risk losing money if you’re not able to sell the products in time.

Boundless Accounting

General business supplies are shown as an expense in your business tax report, while supplies used in sales are included in cost of goods sold. Smooth and painless stocktakes don’t happen by accident.

As a result, an incorrect inventory balance causes an error in the calculation of cost of goods sold and, therefore, an error in the calculation of gross profit and net income. A general rule is that overstatements of ending inventory cause overstatements of income, while understatements of ending inventory cause understatements of income. Since financial statement users depend upon accurate statements, care must be taken to ensure that the inventory balance at the end of each accounting period is correct. It is also vital that accountants and business owners fully understand the effects of inventory errors and grasp the need to be careful to get these numbers as correct as possible.

• The cost of selling your inventory (called cost of goods sold) is an important cost for your business.
• It includes the cost of buying those products, raw materials, and component parts.

This is because rising costs have a direct impact on profitability. In order to calculate the cost of inventory you must determine the beginning and ending value of inventory along with the value of purchased inventory over a given time period. Be sure you know the difference between supplies used in your business and supplies used in the cost of sales.

Even with good inventory management software, periodically you still need to actually count your inventory to make sure what you have in stock matches what you think you have. Goods should be sold in the same chronological order as they were purchased or created. This is especially important for perishable products like food, flowers, and makeup.

To complete a full cycle over a specific time- period, people performing cyclic stocktaking choose a range to count and incrementally work around a warehouse. A new cycle begins after the completion of one full cycle. Unlike full stocktake, cyclic stocktake is not performed once a month to achieve operational benefit.

The cost of selling your inventory (called cost of goods sold) is an important cost for your business. It includes the cost of buying those products, raw materials, and component parts. It also includes costs of warehousing (storing) inventory, shipping products to customers, running a storage facility or warehouse, and hiring people to work in the warehouse.

A bar owner, for example, has to be cognizant of the materials behind the bar and apply FIFO methods to improve bar inventory. It’s also a good idea for nonperishable goods since items sitting around for too long might become damaged, or otherwise out of date and unsellable. The best way to apply FIFO in a storeroom or warehouse is to add new items from the back so the older products are at the front.

The weighted average method requires valuing both inventory and the cost of goods sold based on the average cost of all materials bought during the period. Many companies are aware of how important it is too keep track of their inventory. Faulty inventory projections create shortages, unsold goods and wasted warehouse space.

Periodic inventory is when information about amount and availability of a product is updated only periodically. Physical inventories are conducted at set time intervals; both cost of goods sold and the inventory are adjusted at the time of the physical inventory. Most companies who use periodic inventory perform this at year-end.

So, you can see that if your inventory count is incorrect, your COGS won’t be accurate either! In some businesses, COGS accounts for one third of the total business expenses, so it is important to have a good handle on these costs. In addition, monitoring your COGS is a good way to identify operational problems within your business. The cost of inventory is one of the most important considerations of any business trying to make a profit.

The process typically involves a retail staff member (or team of workers) going through the retailer’ sales floor and stock room and counting each item. The data is then recorded either manually, using pen and paper or electronically using a mobile device. Inventory management is the part of supply chain management that aims to always have the right products in the right quantity for sale, at the right time. When done effectively, businesses reduce the costs of carrying excess inventory while maximizing sales.

Periodic Inventory

Good inventory management can help you track your inventory in real time to streamline this process. Companies perform a physical inventory for several reasons including to satisfy financial accounting rules or tax regulations, or to compile a list of items for restocking.

Details are planned well in advance and the products, materials, and tools you’ll be using are prepared beforehand. If you intend to do physical inventory counts anytime soon, be sure to complete the tasks we talked about above. A physical inventory count is the practice of counting your retail products in person.

The benefit of using smartphones is that employees can use their own smartphones (or any other mobile device) to scan the items. A physical count of inventory is an actual count of all the products that a business stocks. This is a thoroughly coordinated process, which includes separating, counting items and recording the results. Where there are differences between the counted amounts and the numbers recorded in your inventory books or software, updates are made to reflect the result of the physical count.

How often should a company go through the warehouse and track their products and supplies? Physical inventory is an actual count of the goods in stock. This can involve counting, weighing, and otherwise measuring items, as well as asking third parties for counts of inventory items that have been consigned to them. The steps above detail how to carry out a physical count on inventory using good old-fashion paper and pencil.

Educate your employees about best practice and how the process will work. A poor physical inventory process can have a direct impact on your business profits.

Without good descriptions, people may be confused about whether they have stock on an item, or what items needs to be ordered. It can also be hard to search for items in reports, or find similar items in your inventory system.

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You may want to share this guide to inventory basics with them to reinforce the point. If you or the people you work with aren’t consistent in the way inventory is handled, it won’t matter what software you use, you will only experience frustration and failure. Loading data into a new inventory software program is an excellent time to get a good count of your stock levels. Once you have labeled your locations, cleaned up your descriptions, created item numbers, and consistent units of measure, getting a good stock level count will be easier, faster, and better organized. This type of stocktake is performed regularly, such as once every week, and includes the counting of a warehouse’s smaller manageable parts.

Detailed physical inventory counts are a way of ensuring that a company’s inventory management system is accurate and as a check to make sure goods are not being lost or stolen. A physical count of a company’s entire inventory is generally taken prior to the issuance of a company’s balance sheet. Irrespective of whether you use manual or electronic tools, regular stock-taking by physically counting your inventory is a crucial aspect of running a successful retail business.

Doing a physical count of inventory with smartphones means that you’ll have real-time updates on your count. A running feed will show what is being scanned and any errors can be addressed.

Many companies are aware of how important it is too keep track of their inventory. Faulty inventory projections create shortages, unsold goods and wasted warehouse space. By performing a physical inventory count a business can keep its information accurate and current.

Stock-taking or “inventory checking” or “wall-to-wall” is the physical verification of the quantities and condition of items held in an inventory or warehouse. Transit inventories result from the need to transport items or material from one location to another, and from the fact that there is some transportation time involved in getting from one location to another. Merchandise shipped by truck or rail can sometimes take days or even weeks to go from a regional warehouse to a retail facility.

Even with good inventory management software, periodically you still need to actually count your inventory to make sure what you have in stock matches what you think you have. The auditors want to be comfortable with the procedures you use to count the inventory. If you have multiple inventory storage locations, they may test the inventory in those locations where there are significant amounts of inventory. They may also ask for confirmations of inventory from the custodian of any public warehouse where the company is storing inventory.

Physical inventory accounts can also be carried out using smartphones. This process normally takes less time than the manual approach.

More importantly, you’ll be able to take corrective and preventative action to protect one of your most valuable assets – your stock. An advantage of using a smartphone for a physical count of your inventory is that items do not necessarily need to be batched together. The inventory software will categorize each line item by different batches or by specific employees.

Physical Inventory Count

A physical count of inventory is a federal tax law requirement. The people who work with your stock and use your inventory system are the most critical element in establishing a pretty good inventory management system. You must make sure that these people know what to do with items that are received, removed, reserved for future use, required for production. They also must know who is responsible for making certain transactions, etc… In some cases this may only be one or two people, but there’s nothing wrong with writing down your policies and making sure they are followed.

• It is also called Stocktaking of Spot Goods, and is a method to calculate the inventory quantity by counting the quantity of inventory actually existing in a warehouse and multiplying it by unit .

It is also called Stocktaking of Spot Goods, and is a method to calculate the inventory quantity by counting the quantity of inventory actually existing in a warehouse and multiplying it by unit . Compared with this, the inventory check on the ledger sheet is called Book Inventory. Physical Inventory Counts includes Warehouse Stocktaking for inventory in a warehouse and In Process Stocktaking for inventory dispatched to processes or subcontractors. To perform Physical Inventory Counts, it may be often needed to stop the movement of objects. Especially in case of the Physical Inventory Count including In Process Stocktaking, not only the product line but also the factory-wide activities can be sometimes stopped.

The auditors will examine your procedures for halting any further receiving into the warehouse or shipments from it at the time of the physical inventory count, so that extraneous inventory items are excluded. They typically test the last few receiving and shipping transactions prior to the physical count, as well as transactions immediately following it, to see if you are properly accounting for them. Physical inventory is a process where a business physically counts its entire inventory. Businesses may use several different tactics to minimize the disruption caused by physical inventory.

To complete a full cycle over a specific time- period, people performing cyclic stocktaking choose a range to count and incrementally work around a warehouse. Unlike full stocktake, cyclic stocktake is not performed once a month to achieve operational benefit. It is clear to most businesses that performing stocktaking at least once a month is essential to maintain healthy stock levels, prevent stock losses and ensure the accuracy of inventory/accounting records.

Ideally, a company should perform physical inventory counts as often as it can. Using the right tools, a warehouse worker can be performing regular inventory maintenance without any issues. Effective Inventory Management Inc. described the cycle method as segmenting a warehouse and physically inventorying a part of it every day. This is usually the best option for larger companies who need consistent reports. A company may have employees perform daily physical counts of certain warehouse locations or rank products that need the most attention.

Our opinions about creating good descriptions for your items are thorough and we’ll explain in greater detail later. If an item can be stored somewhere, that ‘somewhere’ must have a name, and it should be labeled with that name. Locations will get referred to by more than one name, and your inventory will be in constant drift towards disorganization.

Physical Inventory Counts

Hold training sessions to inform your team about the importance of a physical count on inventory. Create a written physical inventory count procedure and include details about how you’ll achieve a clear cut-off point for moving stock for an accurate count.

Inventory software provides data visibility even when physical counts aren’t possible. Data collected by barcode scans or other information devices can describe when a product was manufactured, how long it has been on the shelf and where it should be physically located in the warehouse. There are companies that only perform inventory counts once a year or right before a given sales season.

Controlling Inventory

Thorough planning will make the actual physical count less tedious and, more importantly, more precise. The more physical counts on your inventory you undertake, the better your technique will become.

Usually, these companies do not have many products to track. Other organizations might opt for this method because they do not have the staff to carry out frequent inventory or the tools to make physical counts simpler. For instance, inventory services provide labor and automation to quickly count inventory and minimize shutdown time. Physical inventory counts are a way of ensuring that a company’s inventory management system is accurate and as a check to make sure goods are not being lost or stolen. A detailed physical count of a company’s entire inventory is generally taken prior to the issuance of a company’s balance sheet, to ensure that the company accurately report its inventory levels.

Perpetual vs. Periodic Counting

This may result in the unnecessary purchase of a type of item, which could become dead stock, especially if the items are seasonal in nature. On the other hand, if the physical inventory inaccurately records that an item is well-stocked, the buyer will hold off purchasing more, which could result in the loss of sales. Managing theft – Physical inventory counts help you to reconcile your sales and your orders. Inconsistencies could be the result of either customer or employee theft. All of your items should have well-defined, unique descriptions, for many of the same reasons that apply to locations.

Companies perform a physical inventory for several reasons including to satisfy financial accounting rules or tax regulations, or to compile a list of items for restocking. Cycle counts contrast with traditional physical inventory in that a full physical inventory may stop operation at a facility while all items are counted at one time. Cycle counting should only be performed in facilities with a high degree of inventory accuracy.

However, if not done right, stocktaking can be energy-draining, time-consuming and frustrating. Businesses face the risk of serious human errors such as undercounting or overcounting that could result in losses worth thousands if they don’t devise a clear plan for success. To start with, you don’t want too large a portion of your business’s funds to be tied up in merchandise, and you could risk losing money if you’re not able to sell the products in time. Physical Inventory or Cycle counting is used to streamline the inventory of the items within warehouse and the inventory shown in the sytem ( that is to tally the actual inventory and the on hand showing in the system).

They can be moved into and out of the plan with relative ease, while ownership remains with those committed to the business. For employees, there’s no need to purchase phantoms stock shares as regular stockholders must do on the open market. Instead, phantom shares are given to employees with no money changing hands. That’s a big benefit to employees, who share in the stock’s profits without having to pay for it.

The chapter closes with suggestions for future research on the nonprofit performing arts. For example, companies must strictly adhere to the Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS) Tax rule 409A statute. This rule limits a company’s options in instituting distribution dates and also blocks employees and managers from accelerating phantom stock payouts if they deem the company to be in severe financial stress.

You may want to spell out in the phantom-equity agreement that the company has the option of paying the departing employee in cash or in a loan, typically over a three-year period (with interest at prime), to avoid a sudden cash drain. Phantom equity is essentially a deferred compensation agreement between the company and the employee.

This paper takes stock of what we know about the role of nonprofit enterprise in the production and distribution of the arts (broadly defined), primarily in the United States. After briefly discussing measurement, I present data on the extent of nonprofit activity in a range of cultural subfields. I then review theoretical explanations of the prevalence of nonprofits in cultural industries and discuss some puzzles that existing theories do not adequately solve.

Definition of phantom profit

problems and complications for employees otherwise not looking for ownership. No additional state filings are required for those same employees. There are also no ownership complications if employees come and go.

You can pay bonuses in the form of phantom equity—a boon to fast-growing companies that need all their cash to finance expansion. The phantom shares can be fully vested immediately, or else vest over a period of time—your choice. Just as with an ESOP, employees who receive phantom equity develop a stake, sometimes a sizable one, in the growth and profitability of the company. In that regard, companies use phantom stocks both as a motivational tool to reward employees and to give those employees “skin in the game” to increase workplace productivity and earn the company more profits. This formula drives the company’s stock price higher, as well.

Instead, I argue that nonprofits arise when consumers integrate into production; consumers, supported by institutions, organize to produce a nonrival good for their own consumption, and in so doing are able to achieve first-best. This modeling approach, developed in the context of classical performing arts, may have application in other industries in which nonprofits compete, such as health care, research and development (R&D), and education.

Also, companies can include provisions in a phantom stock agreement that “forfeits” any phantom stock benefits if the employee in question departs the company before the agreed vesting completion date. Phantom stocks are a form of employee compensation that gives employees access to stock ownership without actually owning the stock. Like any genuine stock, phantom stocks rise and fall in value in line with the underlying company stock, and staffers are compensated with profits incurred from any company stock appreciation on specific dates.

• The dominant theory of financial markets, the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), states that in an efficient market the price of a financial asset reflects publicly available information about that asset.

Some companies offer senior employees benefits packages that include phantom stock. With these offerings, the employee receives some of the benefits of owning shares without having actual ownership of company stock. This article applies contract-theory to explain why nonprofits exist and how they compete for profits.

At the end of the vesting period, the company’s stock has risen to $40 per share. Under that scenario, employee “A”—after the five-year period was up. They would receive the difference between the $20 per-share current value of the stock—on the date when the deal was struck—and the $40 share price on the date when they become entitled to any profits from the stock.

Thus, we apply an economic theory of nonprofits to the NYSE to identify the incentives of Exchange members and the various governance mechanisms they created in response. Together, these mechanisms generated what we term “synthetic inertia”, which made prices on the NYSE relatively well-behaved. We hypothesize that NYSE demutualization — converting from nonprofit to for-profit — altered the incentives of the NYSE and undermined this synthetic inertia and thus informational efficiency. We believe that our approach helps resolve an apparent tension between competing theories of market behavior and contributes an analytical framework from which to consider regulatory changes.

For employees, the company calls all the shots in a phantom equity deal, giving them little control or maneuverability if the share price goes south. They also may be terminated before the deal triggers, over issues outside the employee’s control, leaving them out of luck on collecting any phantom stock cash benefits. Company control of phantom stocks is advantageous to employers, as well. Under a typical phantom stock charter or contract, companies can dictate the structure of the agreement. For example, the company can control the level of equity participation in the form of dividends paid out to employees.

I then ask why performing arts nonprofits exist, taking into account the objectives of both consumers and suppliers of performing arts services. Next, I study the production and cost conditions that these firms face, paying particular attention to issues such as product quality, product cross-subsidization, and the so-called “cost disease”. The issue of revenue sources and their generation follows, with a special emphasis on earned revenues, donations, and government subsidies. This discussion includes topics such as ticket pricing strategies, fundraising innovations, and the relationship between private giving and public funding.

Companies as diverse as Publix Supermarkets, Saatchi & Saatchi, and Proctor & Gamble offer—or have offered—employees some form of phantom stock ownership as part of their employee compensation packages. Expect more firms to follow as they realize the possible benefits of implementing phantom stock for employee compensation campaigns. The nonprofit performing arts have received substantial attention in the cultural economics literature, and represent an interesting application for many areas of economic inquiry.

This chapter surveys the relevant theory and the most prominent empirical studies on performing arts nonprofits. The chapter begins with a description of the nonprofit sector – and the role of the performing arts in this sector – around the world.

The dominant theory of financial markets, the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), states that in an efficient market the price of a financial asset reflects publicly available information about that asset. Competing theories, such as behavioral finance, argue that other factors, including irrational investor behavior, impact the price of financial assets. We argue, however, that an analysis of market institutions can help explain when and why the EMH works. Although not widely examined, we argue it is significant that until very recently the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), whose listed companies’ price behavior inspired the EMH, was a nonprofit organization.

Before-tax profit margin

In such cases, partners should consult with tax professionals to ensure that their cash distributions cover their tax burden, that the company pays the taxes on undistributed phantom income or that the burden is spread over a longer period. Second, suppose an employee with vested shares leaves the company. Departing employees will need to be paid cash compensation for the value of their equity.

phantom profits definition

Employees who hold phantom equity do have a claim on the economic value and growth of the company. The value of their phantom shares reflects the value of actual shares. Phantom stock plans can be both a good employee motivation tool for employers and a solid cash incentive plan for employees.

If events go sour and the stock price doesn’t appreciate, neither the employer or employee loses any money directly in the deal. When phantom stocks are awarded, a “delay mechanism” kicks in, where the actual financial payout is made after a long period. However, it depends on the agreement made between the company and the employees.

The total of the receipts and the remaining cash should always equal the amount you started with. For example, if you have a $100 petty cash fund and spend $27.52 on office supplies, your receipt for the purchase plus the remaining money in the fund will add up to $100. Managing your petty cash funds begins as soon as the first check has been cashed to create the petty cash float. For example, if you have decided on a petty cash fund for $100, your petty cash account book entry will show a debit of $100 to your petty cash fund and a credit of $100 to your bank account.

You will also need to set up a petty cash account in the asset section of your financial reports. If there’s a shortage or overage, a journal line entry is recorded to an over/short account. If the petty cash fund is over, a credit is entered to represent a gain. If the petty cash fund is short, a debit is entered to represent a loss.

When a petty cash fund is in use, petty cash transactions are still recorded on financial statements. The journal entry for giving the custodian more cash is a debit to the petty cash fund and a credit to cash. A petty cash fund is a small amount of cash kept on hand to pay for minor expenses, such as office supplies or reimbursements. A petty cash fund will undergo periodic reconciliations, with transactions also recorded on the financial statements.

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To replenish the fund, write a company check to “Petty Cash,” cash it and add the money to the box. The receipts and petty cash reconciliation sheet go to the bookkeeper for entry into the accounting system. When the fund requires more cash or at the end of an accounting period, the petty cash custodian requests a check for the difference between the cash on hand and the total assigned to the fund.

The petty cash custodian is charged with distributing the cash and collecting receipts for all purchases or any uses of the funds. As the petty cash total declines, the receipts should increase and tie out to the total amount withdrawn. The petty cash fund is reconciled periodically to verify that the balance of the fund is correct.

Most companies keep a small amount of cash on hand to pay minor business-related expenses that don’t warrant the writing of a check or use of the corporate credit card. A petty cash fund is a convenient method to pay for small business transactions such as postage, delivery fees or emergency office supplies. It is important to keep accurate records of all petty cash expenditures for bookkeeping purposes.

At this time, the person who provides cash to the custodian should examine the vouchers to verify their legitimacy. The transaction that replenishes the petty cash fund is recorded with a compound entry that debits all relevant asset or expense accounts and credits cash. Consider the journal entry below, which is made after the custodian requests $130 to replenish the petty cash fund and submits vouchers that fall into one of three categories. While some retail businesses run small expenses out of their tills, a proper petty cash system means setting aside a fixed amount of money in a box or drawer and using it to pay for small expenses. The receipts for the expenses go into the box along with any change from the transactions.

To initially fund a petty cash account, the accountant should write a check made out to “Petty Cash” for the desired amount of cash to keep on hand and then cash the check at the company’s bank. The journal entry on the balance sheet should list a debit to the business bank account and a credit to the petty cash account. When petty cash is used for business expenses, the appropriate expense account — such as office supplies or employee reimbursement — should be expensed.

Voucher Check

Companies assign responsibility for the petty cash fund to a person called the petty cash custodian or petty cashier. To establish a petty cash fund, someone must write a check to the petty cash custodian, who cashes the check and keeps the money in a locked file or cash box. The journal entry to record the creation of a petty cash fund appears below. If the custodian finds that the petty cash fund is too small—this is the case if the fund needs replenishing every few days—then he or she may increase the float. On the other hand, the custodian may find that the fund amount is excessive.

The petty cash fund is an effective way to manage smaller expenses in the office without having to submit a formal requisition every time. By keeping a small amount of cash on hand, you can make purchases as necessary and submit the receipts. Proper tracking and reconciliation is essential to managing the petty cash balance. Reconcile the balance compared to the activity at the end of each accounting period, or more often if your petty cash fund has more frequent activity. A cash voucher is a standard form used to document a petty cash payment.

Typically, as the petty cash balance falls to a preset level, the custodian applies for additional cash from the cashier. At this time, the total of all of the receipts is calculated to ensure that it matches the disbursed funds from the petty cash drawer. If new funds are needed, the cashier writes a new check to fund the petty cash drawer and takes, in exchange, the receipts from the purchases that depleted the cash.

• When a petty cash fund is in use, petty cash transactions are still recorded on financial statements.

In this case, the surplus petty cash should be taken from the fund and deposited in the company bank account. When the check is cashed, the funds will be added to petty cash so that its original level is restored.

That’s a long way of saying it’s “shoebox money” for expenses which are usually too small to bother using a credit card or writing a check. Petty cash is a system that funds and tracks small purchases such as parking meter fees that aren’t suitable for check or credit card payments. A petty cash book is a ledger kept with the petty cash fund to record amounts that are added to or subtracted from its balance. Petty cash should be part of an overall business accounting system that documents how your business moves funds between one account and another and how it spends its money. A petty cashier might be assigned to issue the check to fund the petty cash drawer and make the appropriate accounting entries.

There might be a petty cash fund, which can be a drawer or box, in each department for larger corporations. The IRS requires receipts for all expenses over $75, but it is a good habit to get receipts for every petty cash transaction, no matter how small. The receipts will provide the backup to the petty cash replenishment checks when you need to top up the fund. When petty cash gets low, always check the balance with receipts before adding more.

Examples of these payments are office supplies, cards, flowers, and so forth. Petty cash is stored in a petty cash drawer or box near where it is most needed. There may be several petty cash locations in a larger business, probably one per building or even one per department. A separate accounting system is used to track petty cash transactions.

What is a petty cash voucher?

A petty cash fund is generally kept so that employees of a business can make small purchases without having to requisition money, use a company credit or debit card, or have a check cut. These types of transactions require more time and paperwork to complete. Petty cash is a current asset and should be listed as a debit on the company balance sheet.

The amount listed in the petty cash account is almost always overstated, since the various petty cash custodians are always disbursing petty cash in exchange for receipts for expenses incurred. Consequently, petty cash balances are rarely updated just to improve the accuracy of the financial statements. The custodian is responsible for keeping the petty cash funds in a safe place such as a lockable box only to be accessed when needed. When the custodian disburses money from the petty cash fund, he or she will write out a petty cash receipt which will be signed by the employee who is receiving the funds. The receipt will also show the amount disbursed and what the fund is being used to purchase.

This takes the form of a summarization of all the receipts that the custodian has accumulated. The cashier creates a new check in the amount of the receipts, and swaps the check for the receipts. The petty cash journal entry is a debit to the petty cash account and a credit to the cash account. Petty cash replenishment occurs when funds are added to a petty cash box in an amount sufficient to bring the cash balance of the cash box back up to its designated balance. Replenishment is required periodically, as cash payments from the petty cash box are used to pay for incidental expenses.

You can set up your petty cash float – the maximum, fixed amount of on-hand cash – by cashing a check, usually ranging from $100 to $500 depending on the size of your business. The amount you select for your petty cash fund must be sufficient to cover small expenses over a designated period, usually one month.

The petty cash custodian refills the petty cash drawer or box, which should now contain the original amount of cash that was designated for the fund. The cashier creates a journal entry to record the petty cash receipts. This is a credit to the petty cash account, and probably debits to several different expense accounts, such as the office supplies account (depending upon what was purchased with the cash). The balance in the petty cash account should now be the same as the amount at which it started. Petty cash is a small amount of cash that is kept on the company premises to pay for minor cash needs.

The purpose of a petty cash fund is to provide business units with sufficient cash to cover minor expenditures. The intent is to simplify the reimbursement of staff members and visitors for small expenses that generally do not Exceed $25.00, such as taxi fares, postage, office supplies, etc.

Typically, one employee is responsible for controlling petty cash funds. The custodian will maintain and document all expenses from the petty cash. By giving this responsibility to one custodian, it means that you will retain internal control over the money. A petty cash reconciliation is a formal review of petty cash records. The intent of this activity is to see if there have been any undocumented disbursements.

A petty cash system helps businesses pay small expenses quickly without recording each transaction. It is a separate fund of cash that is set aside to pay for supplies or other low-dollar expenses. To control the petty cash fund properly and record it correctly for tax purposes, the fund should be stored in a secure location and reconciled frequently.

Companies normally use checks to pay their obligations because checks provide a record of each payment. Companies also maintain a petty cash fund to pay for small, miscellaneous expenditures such as stamps, small delivery charges, or emergency supplies. The size of a petty cash fund varies depending on the needs of the business. For this reason, companies typically establish a petty cash fund that needs to be replenished every two to four weeks.

Managing Receipts

The over or short account is used to force-balance the fund upon reconciliation. The petty cash account should be reconciled and replenished every month to ensure the account is balanced and any variances are accounted for. The accountant should write a check made out to “Petty Cash” for the amount of expenses paid for with the petty cash that month to bring the account back up to the original amount. The check should be cashed at the company’s bank and the cash placed back in the petty cash safe or lock box. When the cash balance in the petty cash fund drops to a sufficiently minimal level, the petty cash custodian applies for more cash from the cashier.

The petty cash account is a current asset and will have a normal debit balance (debit to increase and credit to decrease). Here is a video of the petty cash process and then we will review the steps in detail. The accounting records will show the following bookkeeping entries when the business withdraws cash to replenish the petty cash fund.

The cashier creates a journal entry to record the petty cash receipts. This is a credit to the petty cash account, and probably debits to several different expense accounts, such as the office supplies account (depending upon what was purchased with the cash). The balance in the petty cash account should now be the same as the amount at which it started. Petty cash is a small amount of cash that is kept on the company premises to pay for minor cash needs. Examples of these payments are office supplies, cards, flowers, and so forth.

When petty cash gets low, always check the balance with receipts before adding more. To replenish the fund, write a company check to “Petty Cash,” cash it and add the money to the box. The receipts and petty cash reconciliation sheet go to the bookkeeper for entry into the accounting system. A petty cash fund is a small amount of cash kept on hand to pay for minor expenses, such as office supplies or reimbursements.

Example of Replenishing Petty Cash

While some retail businesses run small expenses out of their tills, a proper petty cash system means setting aside a fixed amount of money in a box or drawer and using it to pay for small expenses. The receipts for the expenses go into the box along with any change from the transactions. The total of the receipts and the remaining cash should always equal the amount you started with. For example, if you have a $100 petty cash fund and spend $27.52 on office supplies, your receipt for the purchase plus the remaining money in the fund will add up to $100. Most companies keep a small amount of cash on hand to pay minor business-related expenses that don’t warrant the writing of a check or use of the corporate credit card.

The journal entry for giving the custodian more cash is a debit to the petty cash fund and a credit to cash. The petty cash account should be reconciled and replenished every month to ensure the account is balanced and any variances are accounted for. The accountant should write a check made out to “Petty Cash” for the amount of expenses paid for with the petty cash that month to bring the account back up to the original amount. The check should be cashed at the company’s bank and the cash placed back in the petty cash safe or lock box. When the fund requires more cash or at the end of an accounting period, the petty cash custodian requests a check for the difference between the cash on hand and the total assigned to the fund.

How to Journalize Petty Cash Replenishment

At this time, the person who provides cash to the custodian should examine the vouchers to verify their legitimacy. The transaction that replenishes the petty cash fund is recorded with a compound entry that debits all relevant asset or expense accounts and credits cash.

A petty cash fund between $100 and $500 is sufficient for many small businesses. Most people use petty cash for things like buying office supplies, paying for postage, and so on. Petty cash is a common form of imprest system (I.E. financial accounting system), and is a pre-designated amount that’s built into the budget and replenished after a set period of time or when it runs out. A petty cash system helps businesses pay small expenses quickly without recording each transaction. It is a separate fund of cash that is set aside to pay for supplies or other low-dollar expenses.

When you’re ready to replenish the fund, record the expenses in your accounting software based on the petty cash expense log. Then, record the replenishment by debiting the petty cash account and crediting the bank account you used to refill the fund. This should be small enough that employees won’t be tempted to steal it but large enough that you don’t have to replenish it too often. Pick a dollar amount you think will cover small office expenses for a month or so.

Accounting Principles I

Consequently, petty cash balances are rarely updated just to improve the accuracy of the financial statements. Keep petty cash funds in a secure area such as a locked drawer or small safe.Ensure segregation of duties. The purpose of a petty cash fund is to provide business units with sufficient cash to cover minor expenditures. The intent is to simplify the reimbursement of staff members and visitors for small expenses that generally do not Exceed $25.00, such as taxi fares, postage, office supplies, etc. Managing your petty cash funds begins as soon as the first check has been cashed to create the petty cash float.

A petty cash fund will undergo periodic reconciliations, with transactions also recorded on the financial statements. There might be a petty cash fund, which can be a drawer or box, in each department for larger corporations. The petty cash custodian refills the petty cash drawer or box, which should now contain the original amount of cash that was designated for the fund.

• While some retail businesses run small expenses out of their tills, a proper petty cash system means setting aside a fixed amount of money in a box or drawer and using it to pay for small expenses.
• The total of the receipts and the remaining cash should always equal the amount you started with.
• The receipts for the expenses go into the box along with any change from the transactions.

Petty cash is stored in a petty cash drawer or box near where it is most needed. There may be several petty cash locations in a larger business, probably one per building or even one per department.

To control the petty cash fund properly and record it correctly for tax purposes, the fund should be stored in a secure location and reconciled frequently. Business units should evaluate their business needs and limit the petty cash account to the lowest amount that will meet those needs. That’s a long way of saying it’s “shoebox money” for expenses which are usually too small to bother using a credit card or writing a check. When a petty cash fund is in use, petty cash transactions are still recorded on financial statements.

For example, if you have decided on a petty cash fund for $100, your petty cash account book entry will show a debit of $100 to your petty cash fund and a credit of $100 to your bank account. A petty cash fund can be used for office supplies, cards for customers, flowers, paying for a catered lunch for employees, or reimbursing employees for expenses.

A petty cash fund is a convenient method to pay for small business transactions such as postage, delivery fees or emergency office supplies. It is important to keep accurate records of all petty cash expenditures for bookkeeping purposes. The IRS requires receipts for all expenses over $75, but it is a good habit to get receipts for every petty cash transaction, no matter how small. The receipts will provide the backup to the petty cash replenishment checks when you need to top up the fund.

When the cash balance in the fund is low, the custodian prepares a replenishment request. Attached to this request are the receipts from the cash box for all expenditures made from the fund. The request will indicate the general ledger account where the expenses for each receipt are to be charged. As a best practice, a standard format should be used for the petty cash replenishment report.

A petty cash fund is a certain amount of cash that is kept in a separate location to pay for minor business expenses that periodically arise. Usually the fund is assigned to a single person who is responsible for securing the fund, disbursing cash as needed, and keeping records of transactions. The amount of cash kept in the fund depends on the nature of the business, as well as the amounts and frequency of transactions. The amount listed in the petty cash account is almost always overstated, since the various petty cash custodians are always disbursing petty cash in exchange for receipts for expenses incurred.

Consider the journal entry below, which is made after the custodian requests $130 to replenish the petty cash fund and submits vouchers that fall into one of three categories. The custodian of the petty cash fund will monitor the fund balance on a regular basis.

When petty cash is used for business expenses, the appropriate expense account — such as office supplies or employee reimbursement — should be expensed. Petty cash is a small amount of money, but it adds up quickly as it’s replenished. To track the cash, create a petty cash account in the asset section of your chart of accounts.

Remember, for all journal entries, total debits must equal total credits. To permit these cash disbursements and still maintain adequate control over cash, companies frequently establish a petty cash fund of a round figure such as $100 or $500.

A separate accounting system is used to track petty cash transactions. Petty cash is a current asset and should be listed as a debit on the company balance sheet. To initially fund a petty cash account, the accountant should write a check made out to “Petty Cash” for the desired amount of cash to keep on hand and then cash the check at the company’s bank. The journal entry on the balance sheet should list a debit to the business bank account and a credit to the petty cash account.